السنة الثانية

This course provides a foundational overview of the key concepts and practices in the field of Computer Science. It is structured into three comprehensive chapters designed to introduce students to the fundamental principles that govern modern computing systems, their architecture, data representation, and network communication.

In the first chapter, Introduction to Computer Science, students will explore the historical evolution of computer science, tracing the development of computational thinking and computing machines from early mechanical systems to contemporary digital technologies. The section also offers a general introduction to computer science as a discipline, emphasizing its relevance and application in today's world. Students will gain familiarity with the internal structure of computers through a study of computer architecture, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output systems, and the basic functions of software and hardware. The chapter further covers essential computer components such as input devices (keyboard, mouse), output devices (monitors, printers), storage devices (hard drives, SSDs), and processing units. Additionally, the chapter explains the role of operating systems in managing system resources. Core OS functions like process and memory management, device handling, and user interface operation are discussed to provide learners with a well-rounded understanding of system software.

The second chapter, Data Representation, focuses on how data is encoded and managed in computing systems. Students will learn about number systems such as binary (base 2), octal (base 8), decimal (base 10), and hexadecimal (base 16), with a special emphasis on their use in computer operations. The course will guide students through converting values between these systems and understanding where and why each system is used. For example, binary is fundamental to machine-level data processing, while hexadecimal is often used in memory addressing and color representation in programming. By comparing these systems, students will develop the ability to interpret and manipulate digital data efficiently.

The third chapter, Networks, introduces the concept of computer networks, highlighting their purpose and significance in modern communication. Students will become familiar with different types of networks, such as LANs, WANs, and PANs, and will learn about the hardware components that enable network functionality. This includes routers, switches, hubs, modems, and access points, with an explanation of how each device contributes to the flow of data. A key part of this chapter is the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, which breaks down network communication into seven distinct layers. The course details the role of each layer in ensuring reliable data transfer and provides students with a conceptual framework for understanding how data is transmitted and received across networked systems.

Overall, this course is designed to equip students with the ability to identify and describe essential computing concepts, operate basic hardware components, understand system software, interpret digital data formats, and comprehend the structure and function of computer networks. Through theoretical exploration and hands-on activities, learners will develop the technical literacy necessary for further study or practical application in the field of computer science.